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Yn hanesyddol, roedd Cymru wedi’i rhannu’n system hierarchaidd o raniadau tir seciwlar a ddefnyddid i weithredu a gweinyddu cyfraith Cymru. Roedd tirwedd Cymru’r Oesoedd Canol wedi’i rhannu’n gantrefi, a oedd yn eu tro wedi’u rhannu’n gymydau llai o faint, a oedd yn eu tro wedi’u rhannu’n faenorau a threfi (pentrefi a threfgorddau). Cantrefi oedd y rhaniadau tir gweinyddol seciwlar mwyaf yng Nghymru. Daw’r gair cantref o ‘cant’ a ‘thref’ (a oedd yn aneddiad llawer llai na’n trefi ni heddiw). Roedd cantrefi yn bwysig iawn mewn perthynas â gweinyddu cyfraith Cymru. Roedd gan bob cantref ei lys neu ei gynulliad ei hun, dan reolaeth yr uchelwyr, sef y tirfeddianwyr pwysicaf yn y cantref. Y brenin, os oedd yn bresennol, neu ei gynrychiolydd a fyddai’n llywyddu dros y cynulliad. Prif bwrpas y cantref oedd ymdrin â throseddau, ffraeo ynghylch ffiniau, ac etifeddiaeth.
Ni wyddom ar hyn o bryd pryd y sefydlwyd y gyfundrefn hon o weinyddiaeth ddaearyddol, ond roedd yn gadarn yn ei lle erbyn y 12fed ganrif a byddai’n parhau i gael ei defnyddio hyd nes i siroedd hanesyddol Cymru ddatblygu yn yr 16eg ganrif.
Mae’r set ddata ofodol hon yn cynnwys data polygonaidd, wedi’i gynhyrchu gan Gomisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru, sy’n ymwneud yn benodol â ffiniau cantrefi Cymru. Cafodd nifer o ffynonellau testunol a digidol eu defnyddio i greu’r set ddata. Mae’r set ddata wedi’i seilio’n bennaf ar lawysgrif Peniarth 147, fel y’i hargraffwyd yn J. Gwenogvryn Evans (gol.), Report on Manuscripts in the Welsh Language, Cyfrol I, rhan ii (Llundain, 1899), tt. 912–20. Mae’r ffynhonnell hon yn rhestru’r plwyfi hanesyddol sy’n perthyn i bob cwmwd ac, ar sail hynny, i’r cantrefi. Yn ogystal â’r ffynhonnell hon, astudiwyd ffynonellau cydategol megis William Rees, An Historical Atlas of Wales: From early to modern times(Caerdydd, 1951) a Melville Richards, Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units (Caerdydd, 1969).Cafodd Historic Parishes of England and Wales: an Electronic Map of Boundaries before 1850, a gynhyrchwyd gan yr Athro Roger Kain a Dr Richard Oliver ar ran Ysgol Daearyddiaeth ac Archaeoleg Prifysgol Caerwysg, ei ddefnyddio i gynhyrchu’r ffiniau’n ddigidol. Cafodd y set ddata hon ei llwytho i lawr o:
https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue?sn=4348
Drwy gyfuno’r ffynonellau gwybodaeth hyn fe gynhyrchwyd y cynrychioliad graffig fector cyntaf o ffiniau gweinyddol Cymru yn yr Oesoedd Canol. Er mai hon yw’r set ddata ddigidol gyntaf, nid yw’n gynhwysfawr o bell ffordd. Wrth i ymchwil pellach i’r dirwedd hanesyddol ac i ddatblygiad ffiniau gweinyddol Cymru gael ei wneud, disgwylir y bydd y set ddata hon yn datblygu i adlewyrchu’r cynnydd yn ein gwybodaeth.
1.1 Cefndir
Mae gan Gomisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru rôl genedlaethol arweiniol o ran datblygu a hybu dealltwriaeth o dreftadaeth archaeolegol, adeiledig ac arforol Cymru. Mae’n gyfrifol am gynhyrchu, curaduro a chyflenwi gwybodaeth awdurdodol i helpu unigolion, corfforaethau a’r llywodraeth i wneud penderfyniadau ac er budd ymchwilwyr a’r cyhoedd. Ers ei sefydlu ym 1908 mae’r Comisiwn wedi arwain y gwaith o ymchwilio i’r amgylchedd hanesyddol a welwn o’n cwmpas a’i esbonio. Fel rhan o’i gylch gwaith, bydd y Comisiwn yn gofalu am gasgliad archifol unigryw o ffotograffau, mapiau, delweddau, cyhoeddiadau ac adroddiadau, sef Cofnod Henebion Cenedlaethol Cymru, y gellir ei gyrchu ar ein cronfa ddata ar-lein, Coflein, neu drwy wneud ymholiad i’n Gwasanaethau Ymholiadau. Mae swyddfeydd y Comisiwn Brenhinol yn Aberystwyth ac fe’i noddir gan Lywodraeth Cymru.
Yn 2016, rhoddwyd i Gomisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru y dasg o greu rhestr o feysydd brwydro hanesyddol i Gymru mewn ymateb i Ddeddf yr Amgylchedd Hanesyddol (Cymru) 2016. Prif nod y rhestr hon yw bod yn adnodd deongliadol, addysgol ac ymchwil a fydd yn cynyddu gwybodaeth, yn codi ymwybyddiaeth ac yn ysgogi ymchwil pellach i feysydd brwydro a safleoedd hanesyddol eraill yng Nghymru lle bu gwrthdaro. Fel rhan o’r adnodd hwn, cyflwynwyd elfen fapio i helpu defnyddwyr i leoli a delweddu meysydd brwydro hanesyddol o fewn cyd-destun geo-ofodol. Ond mae her unigryw yn codi wrth ddefnyddio ffynonellau hanesyddol yn bennaf i leoli maes brwydro neu safle gwrthdaro; sut y gall ansicrwydd gael ei fapio? Gall y lleoliadau a gofnodir mewn testunau hanesyddol amrywio o rywle yng Nghymru i le penodol. I ddatrys y dilema hwn bu’n rhaid datblygu system hierarchaidd o sicrwydd, y gellid priodoli pob brwydr iddi. Ar ôl edrych ar y ffynonellau hanesyddol fe sefydlwyd naw lefel o sicrwydd (er enghraifft, brwydrau yr oedd yn hysbys iddynt ddigwydd mewn lleoliad daearyddol penodol megis sir, neu gymuned, neu leoliad penodol megis castell) a nodwyd bod cymydau a chantrefi yn ffynhonnell gwybodaeth allweddol. Mae llawer o ffynonellau hanesyddol sy’n cofnodi meysydd brwydro cyn yr 17eg ganrif yn nodi’n benodol y cwmwd neu gantref lle y bu’r brwydr. Yn bwysicach na hynny, fodd bynnag, drwy sefydlu ffiniau cymydau a chantrefi fe ddarparwyd cyd-destun tirweddol a oedd yn gyfoes â’r cyfnod canoloesol. Felly, roedd hi’n hanfodol i set ddata geo-ofodol ddigidol a oedd yn darlunio ffiniau cymydau a chantrefi gael ei chreu.
Er i’r gronfa ddata o gymydau a chantrefi gael ei chreu’n bennaf ar gyfer y Rhestr o Feysydd Brwydro Hanesyddol, roedd yn amlwg o’r cychwyn cyntaf y byddai’r set ddata hon yn bwysig i unrhyw un a oedd yn gwneud ymchwil hanesyddol a daearyddol yng Nghymru.
1.2 Diweddaru
I sicrhau bod y wybodaeth a ddarperir ar y pyrthLle a ESRIyn gyfoes, caiff y set ddata hon ei diweddaru bob blwyddyn. I osgoi ailddefnyddio hen ddata, dylai defnyddwyr lawrlwytho’r fersiwn diweddaraf o’r set ddata hon o Lle o bryd i’w gilydd.
1.3 Darlunio
Mae’r set ddata hon wedi’i ffurfio’n gyfan gwbl o bolygonau sy’n darlunio ffiniau daearyddol pob cantref yng Nghymru. Gall manwl gywirdeb lleoliadol pob polygon amrywio o ganlyniad i ddigido ffynhonell y set ddata, sef Historic Parishes of England and Wales: an Electronic Map of Boundaries before 1850. Nid yw manwl gywirdeb lleoliadol ffiniau’r cymydau a chantrefi yn sefydlog o bell ffordd a gall newid wrth i fwy o wybodaeth ddod i law.
1.4 Defnyddio Data
Mae’r holl setiau data a gynhyrchir gan Gomisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru yn gweithredu o dan Hawlfraint y Goron. Trefnwyd i’r set ddata hon fod ar gael o dan y Drwydded Llywodraeth Anfasnachol. I gael mwy o wybodaeth am delerau ac amodau’r drwydded hon ewch ihttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/non-commercial-government-licence/non-commercial-government-licence.htm/
1.5 Gwybodaeth Arall
Gellir cael gwybodaeth bellach am y Comisiwn Brenhinol ar wefan y Comisiwn: https://cbhc.gov.uk/home/. Gellir e-bostio ymholiadau ichc.cymru@cbhc.gov.ukneu ffonio 01970 621200. https://rcahmw.gov.uk/about-us/contact-us/
Gallwch gyrchu Cofnod Henebion Cenedlaethol Cymru ar-lein am ddim drwy ddefnyddio Coflein, sef cronfa ddata ar-lein Cofnod Henebion Cenedlaethol Cymru http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en
I gael mwy o wybodaeth am y Rhestr o Feysydd Brwydro Hanesyddol ewch i http://meysyddbrwydro.cbhc.gov.uk/
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Historically, the Welsh landscape was divided into a hierarchical system of secular land divisions that were used to implement and administrate welsh law. The landscape of medieval Wales was divided into cantrefi (Cantrefs), which were themselves divided into smaller cymydau(commotes), which were in turn divided into Maenorauand Trefi(villages and townships). Cantrefs where the largest secular administrative land division in Wales. The word cantref is derived from ‘cant’ ("a hundred") and tref ("town" in modern Welsh, but in medieval Welsh often referred to much smaller settlements). Cantrefs were of significant importance in the administration of Welsh law. Each cantref would have had its own court or assembly consisting of the uchelwyr (noblemen) the predominant landowners within the cantref. The assembly would have been presided over by the king if he was present or by his representative. The main purpose of the assembly was to deal with crimes, boundary disputes and inheritance.
It is not currently known when this system of geographical administration was established, but it was firmly in place by the 12th century and continued in use until the development of the historic counties of Wales in the 16th century.
This spatial dataset comprises of polygonal data relating specifically to boundaries of Cantrefs within Wales that has been created by the Royal Commission for the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. This dataset was created from using a variety of sources, both textual and digital. This dataset is primarily based upon Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, Peniarth MS 147,as printed in J. Gwenogvryn Evans (ed.), Report on Manuscripts in the Welsh LanguageVol I, part ii (London, 1899), pp. 912–20. This source lists the historic parishes belonging to each commote and by extension cantrefs. In addition to this source, other complementary sources such as William Rees, An Historical Atlas of Wales: From early to modern times(Cardiff, 1951) and Melville Richards, Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units (Cardiff, 1969) were also consulted.To digitally generate the boundaries, theHistoric Parishes of England and Wales: an Electronic Map of Boundaries before 1850created by Professor Roger Kain and Dr Richard Oliver, on behalf of the School of Geography and Archaeology at the University of Exeter was used. This dataset was downloaded from:
https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue?sn=4348
The combination of these sources of information has produced the first vector graphic representation of the medieval administrative boundaries of Wales. Although this is the first digital dataset, it is far from comprehensive. It is expected that as further historical landscape research is conducted into the development of administrative boundaries of Wales this dataset will evolve to reflect our increased knowledge.
1.1 Background
The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales has a leading national role in developing and promoting understanding of the archaeological, built and maritime heritage of Wales, as the originator, curator and supplier of authoritative information for individual, corporate and governmental decision makers, researchers, and the general public.Since it was established in 1908, the Royal Commission has led the way in researching and explaining the historic environment we see around us. As part of its remit, the Royal Commission holds a unique collection of photographs, maps, images, publications and reports within its archive, The National Monuments Record of Wales, which can be consulted on our online database Coflein or by making an enquiry to our Enquiry Services section. The Royal Commission is based in Aberystwyth and is sponsored by the Welsh Government.
In 2016, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Wales was tasked with creating an inventory of historic battlefields for Wales in response to the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016. The primary aim of this inventory is to be an interpretative, educational and research resource aimed at increasing knowledge, raising awareness and prompting further research on battlefields and other historic conflict sites in Wales. As part of this resource, a mapping element was introduced to help users locate and visualize historic battlefields within a geospatial context. However locating a battlefield or site of conflict chiefly using historical sources presented unique a challenge; how can uncertainty be mapped? The locations recorded within historic texts and sources can range from somewhere within Wales down to a specific place or location. To solve this dilemma it was necessary to develop hierarchical system of certainty, from which each battle could be attributed too. From looking at the historical sources, nine levels of certainty where established of which Commotes and Cantrefs where identified as being a key information source; not only as a with regards to sources that specifically mention within which commote or cantref had taken place, more importantly they also provided a landscape context that was contemporary with the medieval period. Therefore, the creation of a digital geospatial dataset that depicted the boundaries of both Commotes and Cantrefs was essential.
Although the commotes and cantrefs dataset was created primarily for the Historic Battlefield Inventory, it was evident from the outset that this dataset would be important for anyone looking to do research within Wales, both historical and geographical.
1.2 Frequency of Update
To ensure that the information that is provided on the Lle and ESRIportalsis up to date, this dataset will be updated on an annual basis. To avoid re-using old data, users should periodically download the latest version of this dataset from Lle.
1.3 Depictions
This dataset comprises entirely polygons which depict the geographical boundaries of each cantref of Wales. The positional accuracy of each polygon may vary due to the digitization of the source of dataset, the Historic Parishes of England and Wales: an Electronic Map of Boundaries before 1850. The positional accuracy of the boundaries of commotes and cantrefs is by no means static and could be subject to change due to advancements in knowledge.
1.4 Use of Data
All of the datasets produced by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales operate under ©Crown Copyright. This dataset has been made available under Non-Commercial Government License. For more information on the terms and conditions of this license please visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/non-commercial-government-licence/non-commercial-government-licence.htm/
1.5 Other Information
Further information regarding the Royal Commission can be found on the Commission’s website https://rcahmw.gov.uk/home/. All enquiries can be directed to - Email: nmr.wales@rcahmw.gov.uk, Tel: 01970 621200. https://rcahmw.gov.uk/about-us/contact-us/
The National Monuments Record can be accessed online for free by using Coflien, the online database for the National Monuments Record http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en
Further information about the Historic Battlefields inventory can be found online at http://battlefields.rcahmw.gov.uk/